01664nas a2200181   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260002500043100001900068700002400087700001700111700001600128700001900144700002000163245007400183856005100257520117400308       2024                            d  bIEEEaKrakow, Poland1 aGodlove Kuaban1 aTadeusz Czachórski1 aErol Gelenbe1 aPiotr Pecka1 aValery Nkemeni1 aPiotr Czekalski00aImpact of energy leakage on the energy performance of green IoT nodes  uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10786519 3 a<p>In the present paper, we investigate the impact of imperfections (non-idealities) of the energy storage system (e.g., batteries, capacitors, or supercapacitors) on the energy performance of green IoT nodes. In particular, we investigate the impact of energy leakage from the Energy Storage System (ESS) on important energy performance metrics, such as service outage probability, the density of the lifetime of the node, and the time-dependent mean number of energy packets (EPs) in the ESS. Also, we explore various strategies that can be employed to compensate for the impact of energy losses due to energy leakage on the energy performance metrics. Specifically, we examine two potential strategies for improving the energy performance of the IoT nodes: (i) through increasing the energy generation rate of the energy harvesters (e.g., by adding additional solar panels or replacing the existing solar panels with more efficient ones that can produce more energy), and (ii) through reducing the energy consumption rate of the IoT node (e.g., by configuring ESS energy thresholds below which the nodes are forced to operate in low energy consumption states).</p>